Data Communication and Networking Fundamentals

A network administrator is designing the infrastructure for a new office building, needing to define both the physical layout of the interconnected devices and the method by which resources will be shared. To properly plan, the administrator must distinguish between actual physical network topologies and broader architectural models for resource access. Considering this, which of the following terms accurately represents a fundamental network topology that describes direct physical links and node arrangements, as clearly distinct from a resource sharing model like Client-Server?